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Other / Do’s and Don’ts Of Battery Charging
<p><strong>Discover ways to extend battery life by following simple guidelines.</strong></p>
<p>Table 1 provides suggestions on how to extend battery life by following simple guidelines. Because of similarities within systems, the chemistries are limited to lead, nickel and lithium.</p>
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<p><strong>Battery care</strong></p>
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<p><strong>Lead acid: </strong>Flooded, sealed, gel, AGM</p>
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<p><strong>Nickel-based:</strong><br /> NiCd, NiMH</p>
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<p><strong>Lithium-ion: </strong>Cobalt, manganese, NMC</p>
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<p><strong>Best way<br /> to charge</strong></p>
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<p>Apply saturated charge to prevent sulfation; can remain on charge with the correct float voltage.</p>
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<p>Avoid getting battery too hot on charge. Do not leave battery in charger for more than a few days (memory!).</p>
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<p>Partial and random charge is fine; does not need full charge; lower voltage limit preferred; keep battery cool.</p>
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<p><strong>Charge methods</strong></p>
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<p>Constant voltage to 2.40–2.45/cell, float<br /> at 2.25–2.30V/cell. Battery should stay cool; no fast charge.<br /> Charge time 14–16h</p>
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<p>Constant current, trickle charge at 0.05C, fast charge preferred.<br /> Slow charge = 14h<br /> Rapid charge = 3h<br /> Fast charge = 1h</p>
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<p>Constant voltage to 4.20V/cell; no trickle charge; battery can<br /> stay in charger<br /> Rapid charge = 3h<br /> Fast charge = 1h</p>
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<p><strong>Discharge</strong></p>
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<p>Can endure high peak currents. Avoid full discharges. Charge after each use.</p>
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<p>Do not over-discharge under heavy load; cell reversal causes short. Avoid full discharges.</p>
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<p>Prevent full cycles, apply some charge after a full discharge to keep the protection circuit alive.</p>
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<p><strong>How to prolong battery</strong></p>
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<p>Limit deep cycling; Apply full saturation charge. Avoid heat.</p>
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<p>Discharge busy battery to 1V/cell every 1–3 months to prevent memory (mainly NiCd)</p>
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<p>Keep cool. Operate in mid SoC of 20–80%. Prevent ultra-fast charging and high loads (most Li-ion)</p>
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<p><strong>Storage</strong></p>
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<p>Keep cells at >2.05V. Apply topping charge every 6 months to prevent sulfation.</p>
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<p>Store in cool place; NiCd stores for 5 years; prime before use</p>
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<p>Store at 40% charge in cool place (40% SoC reads 3.75–3.80V/cell). Do not go below 2.0V/cell.</p>
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<p><strong>Disposal</strong></p>
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<p>Toxic. Do not dispose. Electrolyte corrosive. Profitable to recycle.</p>
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<p>NiCd: Do not dispose.<br /> NiMH: May be disposed in low volume</p>
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<p>Low toxicity. Can be disposed of in low volume. Best to recycle.</p>
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<p><strong>Table 1: Dos and Don’ts summary how to use, maintain and dispose of batteries.</strong></p>
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<p>Culled from www.batteryuniversity.com</p>
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